What is Cardiac Catheterisation?
Cardiac catheterisation from the groin is a medical procedure that involves using a thin flexible tube called a catheter, which is usually inserted through a blood vessel in the hand or groin to reach the heart.
It is used to diagnose or treat heart and blood vessel diseases without the need for open-heart surgery.
This procedure is considered one of the most advanced and effective methods for assessing the condition of the coronary arteries, measuring heart muscle function, and detecting any narrowing or blockage.
Reasons for Performing Cardiac Catheterisation
A doctor may recommend cardiac catheterisation when an accurate assessment of the heart’s arteries or valves is required. The main reasons include:
Symptoms suggesting coronary artery disease, such as chest pain and shortness of breath.
Abnormal results in heart tests such as ECG or echocardiography.
Assessing heart muscle function after a heart attack.
Determining whether the patient needs a stent or other interventional treatment.
Diagnosing congenital heart defects or valve problems.
Difference Between Diagnostic and Therapeutic Catheterisation
There are two main types of cardiac catheterisation, each with a different purpose:
Diagnostic Catheterisation:
Its main aim is to examine the coronary arteries and identify the site and extent of any blockage.
A contrast dye is injected into the arteries while imaging is done using X-rays, helping the doctor see blood flow and identify problems precisely.
Therapeutic Catheterisation:
This procedure is performed immediately after the diagnostic one if a narrowing or blockage is detected.
The doctor uses a small balloon to open the blocked artery, and a metallic stent may be inserted to keep the artery open and improve blood flow to the heart.
Difference Between Performing Catheterisation from the Hand and the Groin
Cardiac catheterisation can be done from two main access points:
From the Hand (Wrist):
Has become increasingly common in recent years.
Allows patients to move freely shortly after the procedure.
Reduces the risk of bleeding or access-site complications.
Ideal for elderly patients or those who are overweight.
From the Groin:
The traditional method of performing catheterisation.
Used when hand access is not possible.
Requires the patient to rest in bed for a few hours after the procedure to prevent bleeding.
Preparations Before Cardiac Catheterisation
Before the procedure, the doctor requests several tests to assess overall health, such as blood tests, kidney function, and ECG.
The patient is also given several important instructions, including:
Fasting for several hours before the procedure.
Informing the doctor of any medications, especially blood thinners.
Avoiding smoking and caffeine before the procedure.
Removing any jewellery or metal objects before entering the catheterisation room.
How the Catheterisation Procedure is Performed
The doctor begins by applying local anaesthesia to the access site, whether in the hand or groin.
The catheter is inserted into the artery and carefully guided using X-ray imaging to reach the heart.
A contrast dye is injected into the arteries to visualise blood flow and identify any blockage or narrowing.
In therapeutic cases, a balloon may be used to widen the artery, or a stent may be placed in the same session.
After the procedure, the catheter is removed and pressure is applied to the access site to prevent bleeding.
Possible Complications After Catheterisation
Cardiac catheterisation is generally a safe procedure, but like any medical intervention, rare complications may occur, such as:
Bruising or swelling at the catheter insertion site.
Minor bleeding under the skin.
Allergic reaction to the contrast dye.
Mild irregular heartbeats.
Very rarely: artery blockage or infection at the puncture site.
Most of these complications are temporary and easily treated under medical supervision.
Post-Procedure Instructions After Cardiac Catheterisation
After the procedure, doctors recommend several guidelines to ensure proper recovery, including:
Resting for one or two days and avoiding strenuous activity.
Monitoring the access site for any swelling or bleeding.
Taking prescribed medications regularly, especially blood thinners.
Drinking plenty of water to help the body eliminate the contrast dye.
Attending follow-up appointments to review catheterisation results and heart condition.
Is Cardiac Catheterisation Dangerous?
Cardiac catheterisation is considered a very safe procedure when performed by an experienced cardiologist in a well-equipped medical centre.
The risk of serious complications is extremely low, especially with modern equipment and advanced techniques.
Like any medical procedure, minor issues such as bruising or mild bleeding at the access site may occur, but they are usually temporary.
The overall risk mainly depends on the patient’s general health, age, and whether they have chronic conditions or weak heart muscle.
With proper medical monitoring and an experienced team, outcomes are excellent and success rates are very high.
Success Rate of Cardiac Catheterisation
Cardiac catheterisation has a very high success rate, especially when performed in specialised centres by skilled cardiologists.
The success rate usually ranges between 95% and 99%, increasing when the patient’s condition is stable and accurately diagnosed beforehand.
These excellent results are due to major technological advances that allow precise imaging of coronary arteries and accurate identification of blockages.
Performing catheterisation via the wrist has further reduced complications and improved recovery time.
Ultimately, success depends on the doctor’s expertise, proper timing, and the patient’s commitment to medication and follow-up care.
The Best Diet After Cardiac Catheterisation
Diet plays a crucial role in recovery and maintaining healthy arteries after cardiac catheterisation.
The goal is not only to regain strength but also to prevent future blockages and improve heart function.
Key dietary recommendations include:
Low-fat meals: such as grilled fish, skinless chicken, and vegetable oils like olive oil while avoiding butter and ghee.
More fruits and vegetables: rich in fibre and antioxidants that support circulation and lower cholesterol.
Whole grains instead of refined ones: such as oats, whole wheat, and brown rice to regulate blood sugar and support heart health.
Reduce salt and pickles: to prevent high blood pressure, especially during the first two weeks after the procedure.
Drink plenty of water: to help the body eliminate the contrast dye and maintain fluid balance.
Avoid soft drinks and strong stimulants: such as energy drinks or strong coffee, which may increase heart rate.
It’s also advisable to have several small meals throughout the day rather than two large ones, to reduce strain on the heart and digestive system.
Patients taking blood thinners or cholesterol medications should consult their doctor about foods rich in Vitamin K (such as spinach or kale) to avoid interactions.
Following a heart-healthy diet after catheterisation not only aids recovery but also helps maintain results and prevent new blockages.
Conclusion
Cardiac catheterisation is one of the most precise and safe procedures for diagnosing and treating coronary artery disease.
Dr Amr Imam – Consultant of Cardiology and Catheterisation – is among the leading specialists in this field, with extensive experience performing both diagnostic and therapeutic catheterisations via wrist or groin using the highest safety standards.
Following the doctor’s advice before and after the procedure remains the key to achieving the best treatment outcomes and maintaining heart health in the long term.